Jurisprudence
al-Sharḥ al-Thamīrī, Volume 1
The Thamīrī Commentary on al-Qudūrī
Ḥaḍrat Mawlānā Thamīr al-Dīn Qāsmī
An Urdu commentary on the Mukhtaṣar of al-Qudūrī, the Ḥanafī primer that opens the dars-e-niẓāmī: every ruling numbered and rendered into plain Urdu, given its reasoning, and backed with three ḥadīths. This volume runs from purification to the pilgrimage.
Contents
- The Opening of the Book Why the bismillah is written first. There are several reasons. First: when the first revelation came to the Prophet , he was told to read in the name...
- The Book of Purification An essential note. Kitāb al-Ṭahārah is a deficient possessive construction (murakkab iḍāfī nāqiṣ). For this reason a subject must be understood...
- The Sunnahs of Ablution Vocabulary. The sunnahs of purification. A way or a road is called a Sunnah. In the sacred law, a deed which the Prophet kept to by way of worship...
- The Recommended Acts of Ablution An essential note. A thing is called recommended (mustaḥabb) when there is reward for doing it and no blame for leaving it. The author has written...
- What Breaks Ablution, and the Obligations of the Bath An essential note. al-Maʿānī al-nāqiḍah: the things that break the ablution. This is an account of the impurities whose issuing or entering breaks...
- The Sunnahs of the Bath The reasoning. These eight acts are sunnahs in this order. The feet are not washed first, because the water of the bath will gather at the feet and...
- What Makes the Bath Obligatory The reasoning. (1) If semen emerges by spurting and with desire, the bath becomes obligatory. But if it emerges without desire, as happens in the...
- More on the Sunnahs of the Bath The reasoning. (1) It comes in the ḥadīth:
- The Rules of Water, and of Hides The reasoning. (1) All these waters are pure, so they do not become impure through a little impurity falling into them; therefore both ablution and...
- The Rules of Wells Explanation. It has passed above that if a well is like a great pool, it does not become impure by a little impurity falling in. But if the well's...
- Leftover Water and What Has Drunk From It The reasoning. (1) Saliva is produced from the flesh, so the ruling of the flesh is the ruling of the saliva. The saliva of a human is pure in any...
- Dry Ablution An essential note. al-Tayammum: dry ablution (tayammum) means to intend. In the sacred law, the intending of earth in order to purify from ritual...
- What Breaks Dry Ablution The reasoning. Dry ablution stands in the place of ablution, so whatever ritual events (aḥdāth) break ablution break dry ablution as well. Likewise...
- Wiping Over Leather Socks An essential note. Wiping (masḥ) means to pass a wet hand over a limb, or over anything.
- Menstruation An essential note. Menstruation (ḥayḍ) means to flow. In the sacred law, when blood issues from the womb of a woman who is not pre-pubescent, not...
- Post-Natal Bleeding Explanation. It is derived from nafs; that is, the blood that issues on account of the person (nafs), the child, coming out.
- Impurities An essential note. Anjās is the plural of najas, a filth. Filth is of two kinds: legal impurity (najāsah ḥukmiyyah), as when ablution or the bath is...
- How Impurity Is Cleansed Explanation. An impurity that is visible to the eye after drying is purified by being washed as many times as removes the substance of the impurity...
- Cleaning Oneself After Relieving Oneself Explanation. For cleaning away the stool a stone, a clod, wood and anything by which the stool is cleaned away may be used, and cleaning oneself with...
- The Book of Prayer An essential note. The literal meaning of ṣalāh is supplication (duʿāʾ). In the sacred law, the term ṣalāh is applied to the well-known prescribed...
- The Call to Prayer An essential note. The meaning of the call to prayer (adhān) is proclamation. In the adhān the prayer is proclaimed, and for this reason it is called...
- The Conditions That Precede the Prayer An essential note. The conditions (shurūṭ): this is the plural of sharṭ, a condition. They are the obligations that are discharged before the prayer....
- How the Prayer Is Performed An essential note. By صفة الصلوة is meant the form of the prayer: how the prayer is to be performed and what is to be done in it.
- The Witr Prayer Explanation. According to Imām Abū Ḥanīfah , the witr prayer is obligatory (wājib), and its three rakʿahs are together. He should not, after two...
- Reciting Behind the Imam Explanation. According to the Ḥanafīs it is not sound for the follower (muqtadī) to recite, because the imam's recitation is sufficient for the...
- The Congregation The Prophet resolved to burn down the houses of those who abandon the congregation, which is a proof of its obligation (wujūb). Even so, it is an...
- What Is Disliked in Prayer The reasoning. (1) The prayer must have humility and submission (khushūʿ and khuḍūʿ). The verse says:
- Making Up Missed Prayers An essential note. Qaḍāʾ al-fawāʾit: a prayer that is missed and lost is called a missed prayer (fāʾitah, plural fawāʾit), and the performing of it...
- The Times at Which Prayer Is Disliked An essential note. The times in which it is disliked to pray are described here. The proof of this is the following ḥadīth:
- The Voluntary Prayers An essential note. The voluntary prayers (nawāfil) mean the prayers other than the obligatory ones. Here the term takes in both the Sunnah prayers...
- On Recitation Explanation. The obligatory prayer that has four rakʿahs, such as ẓuhr, ʿaṣr and ʿishāʾ, or three rakʿahs, such as maghrib: to recite in their first...
- The Prostration of Forgetfulness An essential note. The prostration of forgetfulness (sajdat al-sahw): if one forgets an obligatory act (wājib), or adds to an obligatory act, or...
- The Prayer of the Sick An essential note. Allāh has granted the sick person leeway to do as much as he is able, and he is charged with no more than that. So if he cannot...
- The Prostration of Recitation An essential note. In the noble Qurʾān there are fourteen verses whose recitation makes prostration necessary; these are called the prostration of...
- The Prayer of the Traveller An essential note. When a man goes on a journey he is called a traveller. In the state of travel a man prays half the prayer. The proof is this...
- The Reckoning of Distance In earlier times, among the Arabs the burd, the farsakh and the ghalwah were current; later the shar'i mile came, and now the English mile and the...
- The Friday Prayer An essential note. The Friday prayer is obligatory (wājib) upon the people of a city, and it was first established in Medina. Its proof is this verse:
- The Prayer of the Two Eids An essential note. The Eid prayer is obligatory (wājib). In the age of ignorance people used to keep festivals, and Islam too retained this...
- The Prayer of the Eclipse An essential note. A solar eclipse is called kusūf. At that time the prayer is a Sunnah. Its proof is this ḥadīth:
- The Prayer for Rain An essential note. Istisqāʾ means seeking rain. If drought befalls the land and there is no rain, the seeking of rain (istisqāʾ) may be done. In the...
- The Night Prayer of Ramadan An essential note. By 'the standing of Ramadan' (qiyām Ramaḍān) the night vigil is not meant here, but the night prayer of Ramadan (tarāwīḥ). In...
- The Prayer of Fear An essential note. The form of the prayer of fear is this: when all the men wish to pray behind a single imām, the imām divides them into two parties...
- Funerals An essential note. Janāʾiz is the plural of janāzah, with a fatḥah on the jīm; the dead body is called a janāzah. The establishment of the funeral...
- The Shroud The reasoning. (1) A man generally wears three cloths in life, so it is a Sunnah to shroud him in three cloths. (2) In the ḥadīth it comes:
- The Funeral Prayer The reasoning. The proof for standing level with the chest is this athar:
- The Martyr An essential note. The martyr (shahīd) who is not washed is one like the martyrs of Uḥud: that is, the unbelievers killed him wrongfully, and after...
- Praying Inside the Kabah An essential note. Praying inside the House of Allāh is permitted. The reason is that some part of the House will be in front of one and will serve...
- The Book of Zakah An essential note. Zakāh is brought after prayer, because in roughly eighty-two verses zakāh is mentioned after prayer; so, after the discussions of...
- The Zakah of Camels An essential note. Because camels were plentiful in Arabia, the author brings the rulings on the zakah of camels first, and because gold and silver...
- The Zakah of Cattle An essential note. After the rulings on camels the author brings the rulings on cattle, because in bulk their rank is next after the camel. The proof...
- The Zakah of Sheep and Goats An essential note. This chapter concerns the zakah of sheep and goats, and so a ḥadīth is coming below.
- The Zakah of Horses An essential note. On horses there are ḥadīths of several kinds, and so the scholars differ over whether zakah is obligatory on horses or not. It is...
- The Zakah of Silver An essential note. Fiḍḍah means silver. Here by fiḍḍah are meant dirhams, silver jewellery and silver vessels. In the view of the Ḥanafīs there is...
- The Zakah of Gold This ḥadīth shows that if there are twenty mithqāls of gold, half a mithqāl becomes due from it, which is a fortieth part.
- The Zakah of Trade Goods Explanation. Whatever the goods of trade may be, they are valued, whether he values them against gold or values them against silver. If this value...
- The Zakah of Crops and Fruit An essential note. There is zakah on crops and fruit. The detail of its proof and its measure comes below.
- Old Weights and New In the old days in Arabia the mithqāl, the istār and the qīrāṭ were current for weighing gold and silver, and for measuring grain a vessel was in...
- Thresholds and Weights at a Glance The old weights, and the thresholds of zakah, set out here in the new measures. The reckoning follows the conversions worked out in the previous...
- Who May Be Given Zakah and Who May Not An essential note. To whom it is lawful to give zakah, by which the payment of zakah is discharged: its full detail follows.
- The Charity of Fitr An essential note. The alms given on the day of Eid is called the charity of Fitr (ṣadaqat al-fiṭr). Since it is the day of breaking the fast after...
- The Book of Fasting An essential note. The meaning of ṣawm is to abstain. In a fast one abstains from eating, drinking and sexual relations, and for this reason it is...
- Sighting the New Moon Explanation. One should seek the crescent on the twenty-ninth of Shaʿbān. If it is seen, one fasts; and if it is not seen, one completes the thirty...
- What Does Not Break the Fast Explanation. To remain, during the day with the intention of fasting, away from eating, drinking and intercourse is what is called a fast. The detail...
- Spiritual Retreat An essential note. Spiritual retreat (al-iʿtikāf) is derived from ʿakafa, to stay in a place and hold fast to it. Retreat is a Sunnah, and its proof...
- The Book of Hajj An essential note. The pilgrimage (ḥajj) means, in its root, to intend; here it is the name for intending the House of Allāh in a particular manner....
- The Miqat and the Rites of Hajj Each of these is an appointed station of consecration (mīqāt) at which the pilgrim coming from beyond it assumes consecration (iḥrām), and the...
- Joining Umrah to Hajj An essential note. One should combine both the hajj and the umrah in a single journey and enter the consecration (iḥrām) for the umrah together with...
- Umrah Then Hajj An essential note. The months of the hajj are Shawwāl, Dhū al-Qaʿdah and the tenth of Dhū al-Ḥijjah. In these one enters iḥrām for the ʿumrah, then...
- Offences Committed in Ihram An essential note. Offences (jināyāt) is the plural of offence (jināyah). The errors that are committed during ḥajj (ḥajj) are called an offence.
- Hunting in Ihram An essential note. In the state of consecration (iḥrām), hunting land game is forbidden, though hunting sea game is permitted. And if a pilgrim in...
- Being Prevented From the Rites An essential note. Being prevented from the rites (iḥṣār) means being prevented from ḥajj or ʿumrah. Its proof is this verse:
- Missing the Standing at Arafah An essential note. The falling away of the ḥajj is termed missing (fawāt).
- The Sacrificial Animal An essential note. A sacrificial animal (hady) is an animal sent to the sacred precinct to be slaughtered. Its basis is in this verse:
- Glossary